UNWE

Writing

Essays

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He ,     u  u        ecema u  oumeu .     (      ) 1. The importance of learning English 2. What, for you, are the ingredients of a good book? How would you set about writing a best-seller? 3. Will reading become a thing of the past, as most people use the electronic media in their spare time? 4. Some people enjoy living in foreign countries. Others would never consider living abroad. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living abroad and give your own opinion. 5. 6. The 5 most important things you will take to an uninhabited island. Learning science or learning languages: which is more important

7. It is better for children to grow up in the country than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Animals are much smarter than we think. Is the ability to read and write more important today than it was in the past? My future career under the circumstances of Euro integration. No man is an island I have a dream. Families now and in the past

14. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: A person should never make an important decision alone. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 15. 16. 17. My dream holiday on a tropical island. Environment and its discontents  the world of plastic bags. Recycling  one of the key words of the 21st century.

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1. 2. 3.

 ;      ;    a . Te ype Tea: Communicating in a foreign language

Thesis: Many people are able to speak at least one foreign language. Learning a foreign language is a must in the 21st century because we live in a new world with few borders.  Thesis: A year ago I had a funny experience which proved to me how important it is to know foreign languages.           ,  : p  Opeeee oaa    oe   aaeo  . : What, in your opinion, is the best solution to urban traffic problems? Ko y: opinion, solution. Oa na : urban traffic problems.   epee rea oa,  oo e eppepae . epee e a eca, pae    cceapae cope , ooo yec  opa ca c ocaeaa   ooo opaa a rea oa.  aeo ece   a pa apep cee e: improving public transport, paying a fee to drive in cities, building more motorways, banning cars in city centres, building more car parks.    ,        (,    ).       no  .     ,           .           ,      .      ,    ,      .     ,   .        ,        .
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   ,         .          .     ,  ,    .     a     .       ,          . :      ,  1)    ,    ,        ; 2)        ,    . pep: What, in your opinion, is the best solution to urban traffic problems? Trade problems are one of the worst aspects of urban life. (1) They cause inconvenience, huge delays, road accidents and pollution. (2)There are many steps that can be taken to remedy this situation. (3) Banning cars from city centers is a good way to solve current traffic problems. (4) rs care the main pollutant of air and the hooting horns contribute to noise pollution. Not allowing motorists access to city centers will eliminate congested traffic. (5) The streets will not be blocked by parked cars and people will be able to use the streets for their original purpose - to move about. (6)This approach may not be popular with the whole urban community. The city center is very often a commercial hub, where a lot of business is done. Both employers and employees demand easy access to work. (7) People use their cars to socialize or to reach public institutions. If cars are banned from the city centre people will have to rely on public transport. Improving the urban infrastructure is the most effective method of tackling the issue. The city authorities should invest in the development of public transport (8) it should become more reliable. There is also the extension of the underground railway system and the construction of new motorways and underground car parks, (9) local authorities claim that whatever measures they take, road construction can never catch up with the increasing number of private vehicles. (10) Introducing high fees for driving in the city centre provides another solution to the problem. Some motorists will refrain from using their cars too much if they are faced with paying high taxes. (11) Cycling around the city is an efficient and pleasant way to move about, avoiding traffic jams. To ensure that cyclists are not exposed to risks, the authorities should consider building lanes for cyclists.
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(12)There are many different solutions to the problem of urban traffic and they all require that both the community and the authorities should address the issue more decisively.        ,       o . B       ,      .     ,  , ,    ,   -      . (.  1) Exercise 1 Use a suitable linking device for points 1-12 in the text above. Choose from: as, because, since, however, not only...but(also)..., furthermore, in addition, although, while, so, besides, consequently, moreover, in conclusion, on balance, to sum up, to start with, another point to remember is that, therefore, as a result, as a consequence, now, for this reason, thus, even so, nevertheless, nonetheless, apart from, etc       ,          : I am convinced that... I would suggest that... I tend to think that... People often claim ..., but... It is often alleged that..., but... It is popularly believed that... It strikes me that... I am inclined to believe that... I am totally in favour of I am totally opposed to... What people do not realize is... Some people maintain that..., but.. Contrary to popular belief, it is a fact that... Exercise 2 Rearrange the sentences below so as to create a coherent, well-structured essay on the following subject: What measures do you think should be taken to reduce pollution? 1. 2. Such a tax would have a number of benefits. The very survival of all living things on our planet is now under threat from pollution.
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3.

So politicians would not support such a measure.

4. In my opinion, however, there area number of very effective measures that can be taken to resolve the dilemma. 5. Having said that, however, this tax would be strongly opposed by the general public, as it would reduce their spending power. 6. First of all, the reduction in the consumption of fuel would give us fresher air to breathe. 7. The introduction of a tax on coal and oil products, such as plastics, petrol and fuel for domestic consumption, is, I feel, the most important measure. 8. Nevertheless, I strongly believe that a tax on carbon products is an essential step in the fight against pollution. 9. At the same time, it could raise money for cleaning up the environment and make the general public more conscious of pollution. 10. Moreover, there would be a strong industrial lobby against it because of the extra costs and, thirdly, the government would be against it, as it would result in increased inflation.    o nnau: 1. 2.  oo  no  " a  "   .

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5.    o   a  . Exercise 3a) Read this title: How can people improve their general well-being and fitness? Make suggestions that would be appropriate for most people. Choose from the following sentences the ones you wish to include in your essay and reorder them to make three paragraphs: a) Stress, at home and at work, can contribute to heart disease and stress-related illnesses. b) More fibre in the diet makes for better digestion and prevents illnesses.
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c)

Excessive alcohol consumption is addictive and dangerous.

d) It is important to cut salt and fat intake, in order to reduce the likelihood of heart disease. e) f) Eating fewer sugary foods will result in less tooth decay and better weight control. Recent tests have shown that even passive smoking can cause lung cancer.

g) It is essential to maintain a well-balanced, varied diet, in order to provide the body with all it needs, and to control weight. h) i) j) Exercise can be both enjoyable and healthy. Vitamins taken in fruit and vegetables help to give resistance to infection. A person may have to change his or her lifestyle, if it produces excessive stress.

k) Exercise controls the appetite, gives a feeling of well-being, reduces susceptibility to many diseases and helps to eliminate stress. l) Habits which are harmful to health should be controlled. 3 b) Now write the complete essay with your own introductory and concluding paragraphs. You should have five paragraphs altogether. Use appropriate linkig devices. Compare your essay with the sample essay in the key: Exercise 4 The passages below have been extracted from an essay. What do you think the title of the essay is? You can take a book anywhere with you, to read on the train on the way to school or while sunbathing on the beach. It is the most portable form of entertainment, and it comes in all shapes and sizes. And because you do not have to concentrate all your senses on reading, your surroundings can add to the reading experience. Radio, television and the Internet have their place as broadcasters of current affairs, international events, educational information and light entertainment. For me books are simply a source of endless delight. Only the written word has the power to inspire as well as to move. Key Ex. 1 Suggested answers (linking sentences in the sample essay): Traffic problems are one of the worst aspects of urban life, as/because/since they cause inconvenience, huge delays, road accidents and pollution. However/Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/Even so, there are many steps that can be taken to remedy the situation. To start with, banning cars from city centers is a good way to solve current traffic problems.
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Not only are cars the main pollutants of air, but they also contribute to noise pollution. Not allowing motorists access to city centers will eliminate congested traffic. In addition/ Besides, the streets will not be blocked by parked cars and people will be able to use the streets for their original purpose  to move about. However/Still/On the other hand, this approach may not be popular with the whole urban community. The city centre is very often a commercial hub where a lot of business is done. Both employers and employees demand easy access to work. Furthermore/What's more/ Another point to remember is that people use their cars to socialize or to use reach public institutions. If cars are banned from the city center, people will have to rely on public transport. Improving the urban infrastructure is the most effective method of tackling the issue. The city authorities should invest in the development of public transport so/so that it should become more reliable. There is also the extension of the underground railway system and the construction of new motorways and underground car parks, although local authorities claim that whatever measures they take, road construction can never catch up with the increasing number of private vehicles. Similarly, introducing high fees for driving in the city center provides another solution to the problem. Some motorists will refrain from using their cars too much, if they are faced with paying high taxes. A further factor to consider is cycling. It is an efficient and pleasant way to move about the city, avoiding traffic jams. To ensure that cyclists are not exposed to risks, the authorities should consider building lanes for cyclists. To conclude/ In conclusion/Finally/ It follows from all this that there are many different solutions to the problems of urban traffic and they all require that both the authorities and the community should address the issue more decisively. Ea. 2 Suggested answer: The very survival of all living things on our planet is now under threat from pollution. In my opinion, however, there area number of very effective measures that can be taken to resolve the dilemma. The introduction of a tax on coal and oil products, such as plastics, petrol and fuel for domestic and industrial consumption, is, I feel, the most important measure. Such a tax would have a number of benefits. First of all, the reduction in the consumption of fuel would give us fresher air to breathe. At the same time, it could raise money for cleaning up the environment and make the general public more conscious of pollution. Having said that, however, this tax would be strongly opposed by the general public, as it would reduce their spending power. Moreover, there would be a strong industrial lobby against it because of the extra costs and, thirdly, the government would be against it, as it would result in increased inflation. So politicians would not support such a measure. Nevertheless, I strongly believe that a tax on carbon products is an essential step in the fight against pollution.
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Ea. 3a

Suggested answer:

Paragraph 1 - giving up bad habits (c, f, l) Paragraph 2 - healthy diet (b, d, e, g, i, ) Paragraph 3 - controlling stress (a, h, j, k) 3b: Suggested answer

In today's health-conscious society, more and more attention is being paid to the benefits of maintaining general well-being and fitness. Exercise, a balanced diet and a healthy life-style are, without doubt, the key to longevity. For some people a radical change to the habits of a lifetime is needed, whereas others will merely continue their present healthy lifestyle. To start with, habits which are harmful to health should be controlled. Not only can cigarette smoking cause illnesses, but recent tests have shown that even passive smokers are exposed to risk. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption is addictive and dangerous. Getting out of bad habits is the first step to a healthy life-style. "We are what we eat", and, therefore, it is essential to maintain a well-balanced, varied diet, in order to provide the body with all it needs, and to control weight. Vitamins taken in fruit and vegetables help to give resistance to infection, while more fibre in the diet makes for better digestion and prevents illnesses. In addition, it is important to cut salt and fat intake, in order to reduce the likelihood of heart disease. Another point to remember is that eating fewer sugary foods will result in less tooth decay and better weight control. A further factor to consider is stress, at work and at home, which can contribute to heart disease and stress-related illnesses. A person may have to change his or her life-style, if it is producing excessive stress. However, there is a solution in the form of physical exercise. Exercise can be both enjoyable and healthy, as it controls the appetite, gives a feeling of wellbeing, reduces the susceptibility to disease and helps to eliminate stress. In conclusion, reducing nicotine and alcohol intake, establishing a balanced diet, and making exercise and relaxation part of our daily routine will certainly be beneficial for most people. Ez. 4 Suggested answers:

The most enjoyable source of entertainment. Will reading books be replaced by the electronic media? The advantages of books over other kinds of entertainment.

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 I   (Trigger words)     again also and another besides equally important for example for instance further furthermore in addition in like manner likewise moreover nor of course similarly too

  /  although and yet as if but conversely even so whereas despite however in spite of instead nevertheless on the contrary equally while notwithstanding otherwise provided that still yet on the other hand alternatively except nonetheless

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     as a result as I have said for example for instance in any event in brief in conclusion in fact in other words in short on the whole to sum up

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